1. Introduction
Control flow statements allow developers to use decision making, looping and branching to conditionally change the flow of execution of particular blocks of code.
In this article, we’ll go through some flow control interview questions that might pop up during an interview and, where appropriate; we’ll implement examples to understand their answers better.
2. Questions
Q1. Describe the if-then and if-then-else statements. What types of expressions can be used as conditions?
Both statements tell our program to execute the code inside of them only if a particular condition evaluates to true. However, the if-then-else statement provides a secondary path of execution in case the if clause evaluates to false:
if (age >= 21) {
// ...
} else {
// ...
}
Unlike other programming languages, Java only supports boolean expressions as conditions. If we try to use a different type of expression, we’ll get a compilation error.
Q2. Describe the switch statement. What object types can be used in the switch clause?
Switch allows the selection of several execution paths based on a variables’ value.
Each path is labeled with case or default, the switch statement evaluates each case expression for a match and executes all statements that follow the matching label until a break statement is found. If it can’t find a match, the default block will be executed instead:
switch (yearsOfJavaExperience) {
case 0:
System.out.println("Student");
break;
case 1:
System.out.println("Junior");
break;
case 2:
System.out.println("Middle");
break;
default:
System.out.println("Senior");
}
We can use byte, short, char, int, their wrapped versions, enums and Strings as switch values.
Q3. What happens when we forget to put a break statement in a case clause of a switch?
The switch statement falls-trough. This means that it will continue the execution of all case labels until if finds a break statement, even though those labels don’t match the expression’s value.
Here’s an example to demonstrate this:
int operation = 2;
int number = 10;
switch (operation) {
case 1:
number = number + 10;
break;
case 2:
number = number - 4;
case 3:
number = number / 3;
case 4:
number = number * 10;
break;
}
After running the code, number holds the value 20, instead of 6. This can be useful in situations when we want to associate the same action with multiple cases.
Q4. When is preferable to use a switch over an if-then-else statement and vice versa?
A switch statement is better suited when testing a single variable against many single values or when several values will execute the same code:
switch (month) {
case 1:
case 3:
case 5:
case 7:
case 8:
case 10:
case 12:
days = 31;
break;
case 2:
days = 28;
break;
default:
days = 30;
}
An if-then-else statement is preferable when we need to check ranges of values or multiple conditions:
if (aPassword == null || aPassword.isEmpty()) {
// empty password
} else if (aPassword.length() < 8 || aPassword.equals("12345678")) {
// weak password
} else {
// good password
}
Q5. What types of loops does Java support?
Java offers three different types of loops: for, while, and do-while.
A for loop provides a way to iterate over a range of values. It’s most useful when we know in advance how many times a task is going to be repeated:
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
// ...
}
A while loop can execute a block of statements while a particular condition is true:
while (iterator.hasNext()) {
// ...
}
A do-while is a variation of a while statement in which the evaluation of the boolean expression is at the bottom of the loop. This guarantees that the code will execute at least once:
do {
// ...
} while (choice != -1);
Q6. What is an enhanced for loop?
Is another syntax of the for statement designed to iterate through all the elements of a collection, array, enum or any object implementing the Iterable interface:
for (String aString : arrayOfStrings) {
// ...
}
Q7. How can you exit anticipatedly from a loop?
Using the break statement, we can terminate the execution of a loop immediately:
for (int i = 0; ; i++) {
if (i > 10) {
break;
}
}
Q8. What is the difference between an unlabeled and a labeled break statement?
An unlabeled break statement terminates the innermost switch, for, while or do-while statement, whereas a labeled break ends the execution of an outer statement.
Let’s create an example to demonstrate this:
int[][] table = { { 1, 2, 3 }, { 25, 37, 49 }, { 55, 68, 93 } };
boolean found = false;
int loopCycles = 0;
outer: for (int[] rows : table) {
for (int row : rows) {
loopCycles++;
if (row == 37) {
found = true;
break outer;
}
}
}
When the number 37 is found, the labeled break statement terminates the outermost for loop, and no more cycles are executed. Thus, loopCycles ends with the value of 6.
However, the unlabeled break only ends the innermost statement, returning the flow of control to the outermost for that continues the loop to the next row in the table variable, making the loopCycles end with a value of 8.
Q9. What is the difference between an unlabeled and a labeled continue statement?
An unlabeled continue statement skips to the end of the current iteration in the innermost for, while, or do-while loop, whereas a labeled continue skips to an outer loop marked with the given label.
Here’s an example that demonstrates this:
int[][] table = { { 1, 15, 3 }, { 25, 15, 49 }, { 15, 68, 93 } };
int loopCycles = 0;
outer: for (int[] rows : table) {
for (int row : rows) {
loopCycles++;
if (row == 15) {
continue outer;
}
}
}
The reasoning is the same as in the previous question. The labeled continue statement terminates the outermost for loop.
Thus, loopCycles ends holding the value 5, whereas the unlabeled version only terminates the innermost statement, making the loopCycles end with a value of 9.
Q10. Describe the execution flow inside a try-catch-finally construct.
When a program has entered the try block, and an exception is thrown inside it, the execution of the try block is interrupted, and the flow of control continues with a catch block that can handle the exception being thrown.
If no such block exists then the current method execution stops, and the exception is thrown to the previous method on the call stack. Alternatively, if no exception occurs, all catch blocks are ignored, and program execution continues normally.
A finally block is always executed whether an exception was thrown or not inside the body of the try block.
Q11. In which situations the finally block may not be executed?
When the JVM is terminated while executing the try or catch blocks, for instance, by calling System.exit(), or when the executing thread is interrupted or killed, then the finally block is not executed.
Q12. What is the result of executing the following code?
public static int assignment() {
int number = 1;
try {
number = 3;
if (true) {
throw new Exception("Test Exception");
}
number = 2;
} catch (Exception ex) {
return number;
} finally {
number = 4;
}
return number;
}
System.out.println(assignment());
The code outputs the number 3. Even though the finally block is always executed, this happens only after the try block exits.
In the example, the return statement is executed before the try-catch block ends. Thus, the assignment to number in the finally block makes no effect, since the variable is already returned to the calling code of the testAssignment method.
Q13. In which situations try-finally block might be used even when exceptions might not be thrown?
This block is useful when we want to ensure we don’t accidentally bypass the clean up of resources used in the code by encountering a break, continue or return statement:
HeavyProcess heavyProcess = new HeavyProcess();
try {
// ...
return heavyProcess.heavyTask();
} finally {
heavyProcess.doCleanUp();
}
Also, we may face situations in which we can’t locally handle the exception being thrown, or we want the current method to throw the exception still while allowing us to free up resources:
public void doDangerousTask(Task task) throws ComplicatedException {
try {
// ...
task.gatherResources();
if (task.isComplicated()) {
throw new ComplicatedException("Too difficult");
}
// ...
} finally {
task.freeResources();
}
}
Q14. How does try-with-resources work?
The try-with-resources statement declares and initializes one or more resources before executing the try block and closes them automatically at the end of the statement regardless of whether the block completed normally or abruptly. Any object implementing AutoCloseable or Closeable interfaces can be used as a resource:
try (StringWriter writer = new StringWriter()) {
writer.write("Hello world!");
}
3. Conclusion
In this article, we covered some of the most frequently asked questions appearing in technical interviews for Java developers, regarding control flow statements. This should only be treated as the start of further research and not as an exhaustive list.
Good luck in your interview.
