1. Overview
When writing unit tests in Spring Boot, it’s common to encounter scenarios where we must mock external configurations or properties loaded using the @Value annotation. These properties are often loaded from application.properties or application.yml files and injected into our Spring components. However, we typically don’t want to load the full Spring context with external files. Instead, we’d like to mock these values to keep our tests fast and isolated.
In this tutorial, we’ll learn why and how to mock @Value in Spring Boot tests to ensure smooth and effective testing without loading the entire application context.
2. How to Mock @Value in Spring Boot Tests
Let’s have a service class ValueAnnotationMock that gets us the value of an external API URL from the application.properties file using @Value:
@Service
public class ValueAnnotationMock {
@Value("${external.api.url}")
private String apiUrl;
public String getApiUrl() {
return apiUrl;
}
public String callExternalApi() {
return String.format("Calling API at %s", apiUrl);
}
}Also, this is our application.properties file:
external.api.url=http://dynamic-url.comSo, how can we mock this property in our test class?
There are multiple ways to mock @Value annotation. Let’s see each one by one.
2.1. Using the @TestPropertySource Annotation
The simplest way to mock a @Value property in a Spring Boot test is by using the @TestPropertySource annotation. This allows us to define properties directly in our test class.
Let’s walk through an example to understand better:
@RunWith(SpringRunner.class)
@ContextConfiguration(classes = ValueAnnotationMock.class)
@SpringBootTest
@TestPropertySource(properties = {
"external.api.url=http://mocked-url.com"
})
public class ValueAnnotationMockTestPropertySourceUnitTest {
@Autowired
private ValueAnnotationMock valueAnnotationMock;
@Test
public void givenValue_whenUsingTestPropertySource_thenMockValueAnnotation() {
String apiUrl = valueAnnotationMock.getApiUrl();
assertEquals("http://mocked-url.com", apiUrl);
}
}In this example, the @TestPropertySource provides a mock value for the external.api.url property, i.e., http://mocked-url.com. It’s then injected into the ValueAnnotationMock bean.
Let’s explore some key advantages of using @TestPropertySource to mock @Value:
- This approach allows us to simulate the real behavior of the application by using Spring’s property injection mechanism, which means the code being tested is close to what will run in production.
- We can specify test-specific property values directly in our test class, simplifying the mocking of complex properties.
Now, let’s switch and look into some drawbacks of this approach:
- Tests using @TestPropertySource load the Spring context, which can be slower than unit tests that don’t require context loading.
- This approach can add unnecessary complexity for simple unit tests since it brings in a lot of Spring’s machinery, making tests less isolated and slower.
2.2. Using ReflectionTestUtils
For cases where we want to directly inject mock values into private fields such as those annotated with @Value, we can use the ReflectionTestUtils class of Spring to set the value manually.
Let’s see the implementation:
public class ValueAnnotationMockReflectionUtilsUnitTest {
@Autowired
private ValueAnnotationMock valueAnnotationMock;
@Test
public void givenValue_whenUsingReflectionUtils_thenMockValueAnnotation() {
valueAnnotationMock = new ValueAnnotationMock();
ReflectionTestUtils.setField(valueAnnotationMock, "apiUrl", "http://mocked-url.com");
String apiUrl = valueAnnotationMock.getApiUrl();
assertEquals("http://mocked-url.com", apiUrl);
}
}This method bypasses the entire context of Spring, making it ideal for pure unit tests where we don’t want to involve Spring Boot’s dependency injection mechanism at all.
Let’s see some of the benefits of this approach:
- We can directly manipulate private fields, even those annotated with @Value, without modifying the original class. This can be helpful for legacy code that cannot be easily refactored.
- It avoids loading the Spring application context, making tests faster and isolated.
- We can test the exact behaviors by changing the internal state of an object dynamically during testing.
There are some downsides to using ReflectionUtils:
- Directly accessing or modifying private fields through reflection breaks encapsulation, which goes against best practices for object-oriented design.
- While it doesn’t load Spring’s context, reflection is slower than standard access due to the overhead of inspecting and modifying class structures at runtime.
2.3. Using Constructor Injection
This approach uses constructor injection to handle @Value properties, providing a clean solution for Spring context injection and unit testing without needing reflection or Spring’s full environment.
We have a main class where properties like apiUrl and apiPassword are injected using the @Value annotation in the constructor:
public class ValueAnnotationConstructorMock {
private final String apiUrl;
private final String apiPassword;
public ValueAnnotationConstructorMock(@Value("#{myProps['api.url']}") String apiUrl,
@Value("#{myProps['api.password']}") String apiPassword) {
this.apiUrl = apiUrl;
this.apiPassword = apiPassword;
}
public String getApiUrl() {
return apiUrl;
}
public String getApiPassword() {
return apiPassword;
}
}Instead of injecting these values via field injection which might require reflection or additional setup in testing, they’re passed directly through the constructor. This allows the class to easily instantiate with specific values for testing purposes.
In the test class, we don’t need Spring’s context to inject these values. Instead, we can simply instantiate the class with arbitrary values:
public class ValueAnnotationMockConstructorUnitTest {
private ValueAnnotationConstructorMock valueAnnotationConstructorMock;
@BeforeEach
public void setUp() {
valueAnnotationConstructorMock = new ValueAnnotationConstructorMock("testUrl", "testPassword");
}
@Test
public void testDefaultUrl() {
assertEquals("testUrl", valueAnnotationConstructorMock.getApiUrl());
}
@Test
public void testDefaultPassword() {
assertEquals("testPassword", valueAnnotationConstructorMock.getApiPassword());
}
}This makes testing more straightforward because we’re not dependent on Spring’s initialization process. We can pass whatever values we need directly, such as anyUrl and anyPassword, to mock the @Value properties.
Now, moving on to some key advantages of using Constructor Injection:
- This approach is ideal for unit tests since it allows us to bypass the need for Spring’s context. We can directly inject mock values in tests, making them faster and more isolated.
- It simplifies class construction and ensures that all required dependencies are injected at construction time, making the class easier to reason about.
- Using final fields with constructor injection ensures immutability, making the code safer and easier to debug.
Next, let’s review some of the disadvantages of using Constructor Injection:
- We may need to modify our existing code to adopt constructor injection, which might not always be feasible, especially for legacy applications.
- We need to explicitly manage all dependencies in tests, which could result in verbose test setups if the class has many dependencies.
- If our tests need to handle dynamically changing values or a large number of properties, constructor injection can become cumbersome.
3. Conclusion
In this article, we saw that mocking @Value in Spring Boot tests is a common requirement to keep our unit tests focused, fast, and independent of external configuration files. By leveraging tools like @TestPropertySource and ReflectionTestUtils, we can efficiently mock configuration values and maintain clean, reliable tests.
With these strategies, we can confidently write unit tests that isolate the logic of our components without relying on external resources, ensuring better test performance and reliability.
As usual, all the examples are available over on GitHub.
